Métodos de asignación dinámica de intervalos de tiempo para redes de comunicaciones tácticas militares

Las redes de comunicaciones tácticas militares tienen como objetivo el intercambio de información entre un gran número de unidades tácticas dispersas en un área, cada una de las cuales tiene un terminal para la transmisión de datos, optimizando las funciones militares operativas conjuntas. Link-16 es actualmente el estándar más avanzado de este tipo de redes de la OTAN. En esta red, a cada participante se le asigna un grupo de intervalos de tiempo (time slots) para transmitir sus mensajes. Existen tres modos de acceso a esos time slots: dedicado, por contienda y por reasignación de time slots (Time Slot Reallocation). En el modo Time Slot Reallocation (TSR) se asigna un mismo conjunto de time slots a varios participantes en la red para la transmisión de sus mensajes, pero se van distribuyendo dinámicamente de forma automática a cada unidad de acuerdo a sus requisitos de transmisión en cada periodo de reasignación. El algoritmo de asignación de time slots reside en cada terminal, que puede calcular qué time slots debe usar en el siguiente periodo de reasignación de slots. Cuando la suma de las demandas de bloques de slots de todos los terminales participantes en la red es menor que el número de bloques de slots disponible en el conjunto TSR, a cada terminal se le asigna un número de bloques de slots igual al demandado, y no existe ningún conflicto. Pero si es mayor, a cada terminal se le asigna un número de bloques de slots proporcional al número demandado, con lo que se va creando una cola de mensajes sin poder transmitirse en cada terminal, ya que no todos los mensajes podrán transmitirse en el siguiente periodo de reasignación y tendrán que esperar a los siguientes periodos. El problema del algoritmo de reasignación actual es que permite conflictos en la asignación de bloques de slots. Además, intenta asignar el máximo número de bloques de slots a las unidades con una mayor prioridad según un orden, con lo que, a las unidades de menor prioridad les asigna un número bastante menor de bloques de slots. Esto quiere decir que la cola máxima de mensajes que no pueden ser transmitidos para algunos terminales es mucho mayor que para otros terminales. En esta Tesis se estudia la mejora del algoritmo TSR (Time Slot Reallocation) de reasignación dinámica de time slots para una red Link-16, en las dos situaciones posibles: que la suma de las demandas de bloques de slots de todos los terminales participantes en la red sea mayor que el número de bloques de slots disponible, o que sea menor. En el primer caso, se propone la utilización de diversas técnicas de Optimización Combinatoria. Con ello, se pretende eliminar los casos de conflicto en la asignación y minimizar el valor medio de la cola máxima de mensajes no transmitidos en cada terminal participante, es decir, que las colas de mensajes no transmitidos en todos los participantes en una red se mantengan lo más pequeñas posibles en todos los periodos de reasignación. En el segundo caso, se propone la utilización de Técnicas Predictivas y Teoría de Juegos para asignar los bloques de slots que quedan sin asignar. Con ello se pretende minimizar el tiempo de transmisión de los mensajes para cada terminal participante en la red, desde que se demandan los slots hasta que se transmiten, ya que, al asignarle más bloques de slots, puede transmitir antes en el siguiente periodo de reasignación. _____________________________________________The tactical military data communications networks have the purpose of the exchanging of tactical information among different military units, each one of these has a terminal for data communication, optimizing the joint operational military functions. Link-16 is at the moment the most advanced standard of these NATO networks. In this network, each terminal is assigned a pool of time slots to transmit their messages. There are three access modes to these time slots: dedicated access, contention access and Time Slot Reallocation access. In Time Slot Reallocation (TSR) access mode, participants in the networks are assigned the same pool of time slots for the transmission of the messages, and these time slots are dynamically distributed to each transmitter according to its transmission requirements for each reallocation period. An algorithm within the terminals redistributes the pool of time slots in real time to meet these needs for the next reallocation period. If the sum of all time slots blocks requested by all terminals in the network is less than the total number of time slots blocks available for TSR, each terminal is assigned the number of requested time slots blocks, and there is no conflict. But, if it exceeds the total number of time slots blocks available for TSR, each terminal is assigned a number of time slots blocks in proportion to the terminal´s request. So, a queue of messages that has not been transmitted is created in each terminal, because not all messages can be transmitted in the next reallocation period and will have to be transmitted in other periods. The problem in the current assignment algorithm is that there are conflicts in the time slots blocks assignments. Moreover, it tries to assign as many of the time slots blocks as required to satisfy their requests to the terminals with a greater priority according to a priority order, so the terminals with a less priority are assigned a few time slots blocks. That is, the maximum queue of messages that can not be transmitted increase for some terminals. In this Thesis, improved Time Slot Reallocation (TSR) algorithms of dynamic time slots assignment in Link-16 networks are studied for the two possible situations: the sum of all time slots blocks requested by all terminals in the network exceeds the total number of time slots blocks available for TSR, or it is less than the total number of time slots blocks available for TSR. In the first case, the use of different Combinatorial Optimization Techniques is proposed. These new algorithms are focused on avoiding the conflicts in the time slots assignments and minimizing the maximum queue average of messages that can not be transmitted in each participant terminal, that is, the queues of messages that can not be transmitted in all participant terminals in the network keep the smallest as possible for all reallocation periods. In the second case, the use of Predictive Techniques and Game Theory is proposed for the assignment of the slots blocks that not have been assigned. With these methods, the objective is to minimize the time for messages transmission, from the time slots blocks are requested to the messages are transmitted, since when terminals are assigned more time slots blocks, they can transmit before in the next reallocation period

Environmental Cycles, Melatonin, and Circadian Control of Stress Response in Fish

Fish have evolved a biological clock to cope with environmental cycles, so they display circadian rhythms in most physiological functions including stress response. Photoperiodic information is transduced by the pineal organ into a rhythmic secretion of melatonin, which is released into the blood circulation with high concentrations at night and low during the day. The melatonin rhythmic profile is under the control of circadian clocks in most fish (except salmonids), and it is considered as an important output of the circadian system, thus modulating most daily behavioral and physiological rhythms. Lighting conditions (intensity and spectrum) change in the underwater environment and affect fish embryo and larvae development: constant light/darkness or red lights can lead to increased malformations and mortality, whereas blue light usually results in best hatching rates and growth performance in marine fish. Many factors display daily rhythms along the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis that controls stress response in fish, including corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh) and its binding protein (Crhbp), proopiomelanocortin A and B (Pomca and Pomcb), and plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate. Many of these circadian rhythms are under the control of endogenous molecular clocks, which consist of self-sustained transcriptional-translational feedback loops involving the cyclic expression of circadian clock genes (clock, bmal, per, and cry) which persists under constant light or darkness. Exposing fish to a stressor can result in altered rhythms of most stress indicators, such as cortisol, glucose, and lactate among others, as well as daily rhythms of most behavioral and physiological functions. In addition, crh and pomca expression profiles can be affected by other factors such as light spectrum, which strongly influence the expression profile of growth-related (igf1a, igf2a) genes. Additionally, the daily cycle of water temperature (warmer at day and cooler at night) is another factor that has to be considered. The response to any acute stressor is not only species dependent, but also depends on the time of the day when the stress occurs: nocturnal species show higher responses when stressed during day time, whereas diurnal fish respond stronger at night. Melatonin administration in fish has sedative effects with a reduction in locomotor activity and cortisol levels, as well as reduced liver glycogen and dopaminergic and serotonergic activities within the hypothalamus. In this paper, we are reviewing the role of environmental cycles and biological clocks on the entrainment of daily rhythms in the HPI axis and stress responses in fish

Formación en competencias en información para la adquisición del conocimiento pedagógico y educativo en el doble grado de Maestro en Educación Infantil y Pedagogía

Este proyecto incorpora un enfoque pedagógico innovador en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las competencias para la adquisición de la información de la materia Conocimiento pedagógico e investigación educativa, que por primera vez se imparte, en el curso académico 2020-20221, en el doble Grado de Maestro en Educación Infantil y Pedagogía. Éste se inscribe en el marco de adaptación de la docencia, correspondiente a ese curso, de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Complutense

La formación del alumnado del Grado de Maestro de Educación Primaria mediante sesiones de foto-elicitación en el Practicum

Analizar la relación entre las experiencias de futuros maestros de Primaria en prácticas sobre situaciones inesperadas de aula y las fotografías que realiza de ellas para posteriormente reflexionar sobre las decisiones tomadas por el maestro tutor

The Prebiotic Effects of an Extract with Antioxidant Properties from Morus alba L. Contribute to Ameliorate High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice

Obesity is a global health issue, in which modifications in gut microbiota composition have a key role. Different therapeutic strategies are being developed in combination with diet and exercise, including the use of plant extracts, such as those obtained from Morus alba L. leaves. Recent studies have revealed their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate whether the beneficial effects of M. alba L. leaf extract in high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice is correlated with its impact on gut microbiota. The extract reduced body weight gain and attenuated lipid accumulation, as well as increased glucose sensitivity. These effects were associated with an amelioration of the obesity-associated inflammatory status, most probably due to the described antioxidant properties of the extract. Moreover, M. alba L. leaf extract mitigated gut dysbiosis, which was evidenced by the restoration of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio and the decrease in plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. Specifically, the extract administration reduced Alistipes and increased Faecalibaculum abundance, these effects being correlated with the beneficial effects exerted by the extract on the obesity-associated inflammation. In conclusion, anti-obesogenic effects of M. alba L. leaf extract may be mediated through the amelioration of gut dysbiosis.Junta de Andalucia CTS 164Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI19.01058Spanish Government AGL2015-67995-C3-3-Rperational Programme of the Region of Murcia (CCI) 2007ES161PO001 14-20/20European CommissionInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIi-pFIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Programa de Doctorado BiomedicinapFIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Programa de Doctorado Nutricio

d-Pinitol promotes tau dephosphorylation through a cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulation mechanism: A new potential approach for tauopathies?

18 Pág. Departamento de Reproducción animal.Recent evidence links brain insulin resistance with neurodegenerative diseases, where hyperphosphorylated tau protein contributes to neuronal cell death. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate if d-pinitol inositol, which acts as an insulin sensitizer, affects the phosphorylation status of tau protein.This research was funded by the European Regional Development Funds-European Union (ERDF-EU), FATZHEIMER project (EU-LAC HEALTH 2020, 16/T010131), “Una manera de hacer Europa”; Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España, Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad (RTC-2016-4983-1); ERDF-EU-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Proyectos de investigación en salud (PI19/01577); Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía, Proyecto de Investigación en Salud (PI-0139-2018); Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía, Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (P18-TP-5194); Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Gobierno de España (PND2020/048). D.M-V. (FI20/00227) holds a “PFIS” predoctoral contract from the National System of Health, ERDF-EU-Instituto de Salud Carlos III. A.J.L.-G. (IFI18/00042) holds an “iPFIS” predoctoral contract from the National System of Health, ERDF-EU-ISCIII. P.R. (CP19/00068), F.J.P. (CPII19/00022) and J.D. (CP21/00021) hold a “Miguel Servet” research contract from the National System of Health, ISCIII co-funded by European Social Fund, “Investing in your future,” Gobierno de España.Peer reviewe

Changes in the requirement for early surgery in inflammatory bowel disease in the era of biological agents

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Changes in the requirement for early surgery in inflammatory bowel disease in the era of biological agents. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2020): 29 April, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15084. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived VersionsBiological therapies may be changing the natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases, reducing the need for surgical intervention. We aimed to assess whether the availability of anti‐TNF agents impacts the need for early surgery in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods Retrospective, cohort study of patients diagnosed within a 6‐year period before and after the licensing of anti‐TNFs (1990‐1995 and 2007‐2012 for CD; 1995‐2000 and 2007‐2012 for UC) were identified in the ENEIDA Registry. Surgery‐free survival curves were compared between cohorts. Results A total of 7,370 CD patients (2,022 in Cohort 1 and 5,348 in Cohort 2) and 8,069 UC patients (2,938 in Cohort 1 and 5,131 in Cohort 2) were included. Immunosuppressants were used significantly earlier and more frequently in both CD and UC post‐biological cohorts. The cumulative probability of surgery was lower in CD following anti‐TNF approval (16% and 11%, 22% and 16%, and 29% and 19%, at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively p<0.0001), though not in UC (3% and 2%, 4% and 4%, and 6% and 5% at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively; p=0.2). Ileal involvement, older age at diagnosis and active smoking in CD, and extensive disease in UC, were independent risk factors for surgery, whereas high‐volume IBD centres (in both CD and UC) and immunosuppressant use (in CD) were protective factors. Conclusions Anti‐TNF availability was associated with a reduction in early surgery for CD (driven mainly by earlier and more widespread immunosuppressant use) but not in U

A genome-wide association study follow-up suggests a possible role for PPARG in systemic sclerosis susceptibility

Introduction: A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) comprising a French cohort of systemic sclerosis (SSc) reported several non-HLA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showing a nominal association in the discovery phase. We aimed to identify previously overlooked susceptibility variants by using a follow-up strategy.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Methods: Sixty-six non-HLA SNPs showing a P value &#60;10-4 in the discovery phase of the French SSc GWAS were analyzed in the first step of this study, performing a meta-analysis that combined data from the two published SSc GWASs. A total of 2,921 SSc patients and 6,963 healthy controls were included in this first phase. Two SNPs, PPARG rs310746 and CHRNA9 rs6832151, were selected for genotyping in the replication cohort (1,068 SSc patients and 6,762 healthy controls) based on the results of the first step. Genotyping was performed by using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Results: We observed nominal associations for both PPARG rs310746 (PMH = 1.90 × 10-6, OR, 1.28) and CHRNA9 rs6832151 (PMH = 4.30 × 10-6, OR, 1.17) genetic variants with SSc in the first step of our study. In the replication phase, we observed a trend of association for PPARG rs310746 (P value = 0.066; OR, 1.17). The combined overall Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis of all the cohorts included in the present study revealed that PPARG rs310746 remained associated with SSc with a nominal non-genome-wide significant P value (PMH = 5.00 × 10-7; OR, 1.25). No evidence of association was observed for CHRNA9 rs6832151 either in the replication phase or in the overall pooled analysis.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Conclusion: Our results suggest a role of PPARG gene in the development of SSc

Effectiveness and Safety of the Sequential Use of a Second and Third Anti-TNF Agent in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From the Eneida Registry

Background: The effectiveness of the switch to another anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agent is not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of treatment with a second and third anti-TNF drug after intolerance to or failure of a previous anti-TNF agent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Methods: We included patients diagnosed with IBD from the ENEIDA registry who received another anti-TNF after intolerance to or failure of a prior anti-TNF agent. Results: A total of 1122 patients were included. In the short term, remission was achieved in 55% of the patients with the second anti-TNF. The incidence of loss of response was 19% per patient-year with the second anti-TNF. Combination therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-3; P < 0.0001) and ulcerative colitis vs Crohn's disease (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1; P = 0.005) were associated with a higher probability of loss of response. Fifteen percent of the patients had adverse events, and 10% had to discontinue the second anti-TNF. Of the 71 patients who received a third anti-TNF, 55% achieved remission. The incidence of loss of response was 22% per patient-year with a third anti-TNF. Adverse events occurred in 7 patients (11%), but only 1 stopped the drug. Conclusions: Approximately half of the patients who received a second anti-TNF achieved remission; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response. Combination therapy and type of IBD were associated with loss of response. Remission was achieved in almost 50% of patients who received a third anti-TNF; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response